Does Pakistani Insurance Industry follow Pecking Order Theory?

Current study examines the Pecking Order Theory of capital structure by using firm level characteristics of insurance companies of Pakistan over five years from 2007 to 2011. The results of regression analysis indicate that size, profitability, tangibility, risk and liquidity are important determinants of capital structure of insurance companies of Pakistan. In addition, the results also indicate that profitable, more liquid, more tangible and risky insurance companies follow Pecking Order Hypothesis. Keywords: Pecking Order Theory, Insurance Companies, Pakista

UNDERSTANDING LIBRARIAN TRANSFORMATIONAL AND TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIP CAPABILITIES THROUGH THE LENS OF STUDENTS RESPONSE WHILE SPENDING TIME IN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

The current study tries to understand the prospective of students about librarian leadership approach during their time spent in university main library. In this regard librarian transformational leadership attributes (Articulating Vision, Individualized consideration, Group Goal, Idealized Influence) as well as transactional approach (Contingent Reward, Contingent Punishment) was assessed through the students response based on age, gender differences and their background from three different campuses. In this regard data was analyzed through SPSS via one sample t-test and ANOVA as well as regression analysis. Findings depict that students perceive librarian transformational and transactional leadership on the basis of different characteristics. Similarly students background from three different campuses also evident significant results for differentiating librarian transformational and transactional leadership abilities

Bowled over by cricket: impact of tape-ball injuries on the eyes

Abstract PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to describe the type and severity of tape-ball cricket-related eye injuries seen at a tertiary care hospital. DESIGN: A descriptive case series. METHODS: This study included all cases of tape-ball cricket-related eye injuries presenting to the Section of Ophthalmology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from January 2014 to January 2015. RESULTS: A total of 20 patients with tape-ball cricket-related eye injuries were treated during this period. The right eye was involved in most (14/20) of the cases. The commonest presenting symptoms included reduced/blurred vision, ocular pain, redness, and floaters. Sixty percent (12/20) of the affected eyes had a best corrected visual acuity of less than 20/200 at presentation, with the retina being the most commonly involved ocular structure. All patients reported that they were not wearing protective eyewear at the time of trauma. Despite standard management, half of the eyes had severe or total vision loss at the last follow-up (minimum, 3 months), mainly due to retinal damage. CONCLUSIONS: Our study calls for the compulsory use of protective eyewear by cricket players and for countrywide surveillance data on the true burden of this unnoticed preventable cause of unilateral eye injuries and associated vision loss

Localisation of sensor nodes with hybrid measurements in wireless sensor networks

Localisation in wireless networks faces challenges such as high levels of signal attenuation and unknown path-loss exponents, especially in urban environments. In response to these challenges, this paper proposes solutions to localisation problems in noisy environments. A new observation model for localisation of static nodes is developed based on hybrid measurements, namely angle of arrival and received signal strength data. An approach for localisation of sensor nodes is proposed as a weighted linear least squares algorithm. The unknown path-loss exponent associated with the received signal strength is estimated jointly with the coordinates of the sensor nodes via the generalised pattern search method. The algorithm’s performance validation is conducted both theoretically and by simulation. A theoretical mean square error expression is derived, followed by the derivation of the linear Cramer-Rao bound which serves as a benchmark for the proposed location estimators. Accurate results are demonstrated with 25%–30% improvement in estimation accuracy with a weighted linear least squares algorithm as compared to linear least squares solution

EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF PRIVATIZATION PROCESS IN PAKISTAN: EVIDENCE FROM STATISTICAL EXPERIENCE

Why privatization processes fall short to deliver expected result in Pakistan. To answer this question, current study aims is to examine the privatization process in the Pakistan. The privatization process is dividing into four sections, privatization policy, buyer selection in the privatization process, assets evaluation and the factors affecting the development after privatization. The main objective of the study is to see the influence of development after privatization on the relationship between privatization policy, buyer selection in the privatization process, assets Evaluation and Privatization process improvement. Detailed survey based on the structured questionnaire is enquired through random sampling technique. Structured Equation Model (SEM) has been used for making an analysis. The finding of the study concludes that development process privatization mediates the between privatization policy, buyer selection in the privatization process, assets Evaluation and Privatization process improvement.  The findings of the study advocate that the privatization policy, buyer selection process, assets evaluation methods must be in line with the objective of government and line ministry. This effort may help for getting the optimum level of result from privatization process

EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF PRIVATIZATION PROCESS IN PAKISTAN: EVIDENCE FROM STATISTICAL EXPERIENCE

Why privatization processes fall short to deliver expected result in Pakistan. To answer this question, current study aims is to examine the privatization process in the Pakistan. The privatization process is dividing into four sections, privatization policy, buyer selection in the privatization process, assets evaluation and the factors affecting the development after privatization. The main objective of the study is to see the influence of development after privatization on the relationship between privatization policy, buyer selection in the privatization process, assets Evaluation and Privatization process improvement. Detailed survey based on the structured questionnaire is enquired through random sampling technique. Structured Equation Model (SEM) has been used for making an analysis. The finding of the study concludes that development process privatization mediates the between privatization policy, buyer selection in the privatization process, assets Evaluation and Privatization process improvement.  The findings of the study advocate that the privatization policy, buyer selection process, assets evaluation methods must be in line with the objective of government and line ministry. This effort may help for getting the optimum level of result from privatization process

Causality in String Field Theory

In this letter, we will investigate causality in string field theory using pp-wave light-cone gauge string field theory. We will generalize the Ramsey scheme to string field theory, and use it to analyze string field theoretical processes. An explicit characteristic function for interactive string field theory will be built using this string field theoretical Ramsey scheme. The average of the difference between the initial and final values of any operator described in string field theory will be obtained using this characteristic function. We will use the quantum information theoretical technique based on quantum fisher information to extract information about such string field theoretical processes.Comment: Accepted in EPL, 13 page

A 10-year review of indications for penetrating keratoplasty in a tertiary care setting in Karachi Pakistan

Abstract The retrospective study was conducted to determine the indications and outomes of penetrating keratoplasty(PKP) in a tertiary caresetting in Pakistan. All eyes that had undergone PKP between January 2005 and December 2014 at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, were included.Data were collected on the indications of PKP, graft survival (graft clarity at final follow-up), andbest corrected visual acuity (BCVA).Kaplan-Meier\\u27s method was usedto analyse graft survival.Out of 437 eyes, 383(87%) were for visual purpose. Trauma-related corneal scarring 113(26.2%) was the leading cause of PKP, followed by keratoconus 74(17.1%), redo graft 56(13%), infection-related corneal opacity 46(10.6%), corneal dystrophy 44(10.2%) and bullous keratopathy 36(8.3%). The probability of graft survival at 30 months was 90% for keratoconusversus 75% for the non-keratoconus grafts. Most of the PKPs in this case series were due to preventable causes. Our long-term PKP results were favourable, with a graft survival ratecomparable to those of other centres

To tackle symptoms of computer vision syndrome in era of COVID-19

With the emergence of a novel coronavirus, there has been an increase in the use of electronic gadgets such as laptops, tablets, and mobile phones. There has been an emphasis on social distancing and work from home. Therefore, people are switched to online mode, whether it is office work or education. Both adults and children are getting dependent on electronic devices, which has led to increased symptoms of computer vision syndrome (CVS). Here, we address the symptoms that can occur with enhanced use of digital media and how that could be tackled